Mokane is a small city in southern Callaway County, Missouri, United States. The population was 185 at the 2010 census. It is part of the J…Mokane is a small city in southern Callaway County, Missouri, United States. The population was 185 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. The settlement was first named Smith's Landing, after Thomas Smith, who settled there around 1818, and is said to be the second- or third-oldest town in Callaway County.