This creates very slow-moving currents as hot rock rises from the depths and ... is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is the familiar landscape on which we live: rocks, soil, and seabed.

Microbial life has been discovered existing 13 feet beneath the surface of Earth ... to depths of 2.6 feet (80 centimeters).

Many parts of Earth ... layer takes a long time to restore. This could have problematic long-term implications for several ecosystems and even human structures. Biocrust, also called cryptobiotic ...

The average topsoil depth ... layer of fertile topsoil thins, it gets increasingly difficult to grow crops for food. Without altering agricultural practices and urgently finding ways to preserve ...

The Earth is made up of different layers: Therefore, instead of tectonic plates moving because of the convection currents, evidence suggests it is the plates that drive the convection. Slab pull ...

consisting of two layers: an inner pipe (drill pipe) that pumps down seawater from the surface, and an outer pipe (riser pipe), in which rare-earth muds and fragments of drilled soil are pushed ...