And lastly, we have to contend with the cosmic rays, which are not rays at all. We're talking protons, helium nuclei, sometimes other nuclei. They'll just be hanging out, minding their own ...

This notion of stability comes from the fact that for every set of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, there is a number that allows the particles to arrange themselves in a way that leaves the ...

“Cosmic radiation consists of highly energetic particles (mainly protons) originating from the sun, as well as deep-space events such as supernova explosions. “Life on Earth is relatively ...

Skimmed milk has a little more calcium than semi-skimmed, which in turn has a little more calcium than whole milk. The reason is simply that as the fat is removed, the watery proportion of the ...

Nuclear physics is the study of the protons and neutrons at the centre of an atom and the interactions that hold them together in a space just a few femtometres (10-15 metres) across. Example ...

The method chosen depends on the type of mixture. Atomic structure - AQA Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells. The numbers of subatomic ...

When a chemical reaction occurs, energy is transferred to or from the surroundings. There is usually a temperature change. For example, when a bonfire burns it transfers heat energy to the ...

Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry − Food Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, Halle/Saale D-06120, Germany ...