and a similar electrochemical potential (about 200 millivolts [mV] across the membrane) as modern cells have. Russell has long maintained that natural proton gradients played a central role in ...

Previously, “both physicists and neuroscientists have largely dismissed the relevance of standard quantum mechanics to neuronal processes, as quantum effects are thought to disappear at the large ...

Excitability is a property of a cell, allowing it to respond to stimulation by rapid changes in membrane potential produced by ion fluxes across the plasma membrane. This is most commonly ...