Currently, 1.1% - 6% of orthodontic treatment plans involve the extraction of a lower incisor [ 8 ]. The main indications for mandibular incisor extraction (MIE) include tooth size discrepancies, ...

This study presents fundamental findings on the evolution of extremely elongated mandibular symphysis and tusks in longirostrine gomphotheres from the Early and Middle Miocene of northern China. The ...

Using unbiased single-cell RNA-seq analysis followed by in situ analysis of gene expression profiles, we show that Shh and Bmp4 signaling pathways are activated in a complementary pattern along the ...