The study also shows that people may be using supplements in place of anabolic steroids, which have been found to be harmful. However, the authors point out that not all supplements are safe. The study was published Wednesday in the journal PLOS Mental Health.

Protein bars, shakes and pre-workout mixes are often used to maximize results at the gym. The supplements are also associated with muscle dysmorphia, a study shows.

In a 2022 study, 36% of young males reported using protein powders and shakes, while 10% said they used other muscle-building substances such as creatine and growth hormones. In addition, 2.2% of young adult males reported using steroids.